Publications

@book{ACIIDS2025-P1,
title = {Intelligent Information and Database Systems: 16th Asian Conference,  ACIIDS 2024,  Ras Al Khaimah,  UAE,  April 15–18,  2024,  Proceedings,  Part I},
ISBN = {9789819749829},
ISSN = {1611-3349},
author="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Chbeir, Richard and Manolopoulos, Yannis and Fujita, Hamido and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Nguyen, Le Minh and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4982-9},
DOI = {10.1007/978-981-97-4982-9},
journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
publisher = {Springer Nature Singapore},
year = {2024}
}
@book{ACIIDS2025-P2,
title = {Intelligent Information and Database Systems: 16th Asian Conference,  ACIIDS 2024,  Ras Al Khaimah,  UAE,  April 15–18,  2024,  Proceedings,  Part II},
ISBN = {9789819749850},
ISSN = {1611-3349},
author="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Chbeir, Richard and Manolopoulos, Yannis and Fujita, Hamido and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Nguyen, Le Minh and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4985-0},
DOI = {10.1007/978-981-97-4985-0},
journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
publisher = {Springer Nature Singapore},
year = {2024}
}
@InProceedings{aciids2025_RPKW,
author="Palak, Rafał and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh
and Chbeir, Richard
and Manolopoulos, Yannis
and Fujita, Hamido
and Hong, Tzung-Pei
and Nguyen, Le Minh
and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
title="Evolution and Refinement of the Formal Framework for Collective Systems",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2024",
publisher="Springer Nature Singapore",
address="Singapore",
pages="81--94",
abstract="Collective intelligence, characterized as the capacity of human groups to engage in intellectual cooperation and exhibit intelligent behavior, has become a burgeoning field of study. The article presents an advanced graph-based framework for collective representation and a diverse set of metrics to assess collective characteristics. The authors propose that their framework simplifies the identification of insightful attributes within collectives, providing a standardized platform for contrasting and analyzing diverse groups. It facilitates a deeper understanding of collective entities' intricate structures and dynamics. The synergistic combination of the new model and metrics taxonomy represents a substantial step forward in the field, offering enhanced tools for analyzing and comprehending the complex nature of collectives, leaving room for future studies to elaborate on their implementation.",
isbn="978-981-97-4985-0"
}
@article{MERTA_STASZCZAK_2024,
title={Forms of Protection and Preservation of Historical Cultural Heritage  (Case Study)},
volume={31},
ISSN={2300-5327},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2024.hss.07},
DOI={10.7862/rz.2024.hss.07},
number={1},
journal={Humanities and Social Sciences quarterly},
publisher={Rzeszow University of Technology},
author={Merta-Staszczak, Adriana and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
year={2024},
month=mar,
pages={107–116} }
@article{hapads1,
title = {Cost-Efficient measurement platform and machine-learning-based sensor calibration for precise NO2 pollution monitoring},
journal = {Measurement},
volume = {237},
pages = {115168},
year = {2024},
issn = {0263-2241},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115168},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224124010534},
author = {Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska and Slawomir Koziel and Marek Wojcikowski and Bogdan Pankiewicz and Artur Rydosz and Tuan-Vu Cao and Krystian Wojtkiewicz},
keywords = {Air quality, Pollutant detection, Nitrogen dioxide, Sensor correction, Machine learning, Artificial neural networks, Surrogate modeling},
abstract = {Air quality significantly impacts human health, the environment, and the economy. Precise real-time monitoring of air pollution is crucial for managing associated risks and developing appropriate short- and long-term measures. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) stands as a common pollutant, with elevated levels posing risks to the human respiratory tract, exacerbating respiratory infections and asthma, and potentially leading to chronic lung diseases. Notwithstanding, precise NO2 detection typically demands complex and costly equipment. This paper explores NO2 monitoring using low-cost platforms, meticulously calibrated for reliability. An integrated measurement unit is first presented that contains primary and supplementary nitrogen dioxide sensors, as well as auxiliary detectors for evaluating outside and inside temperature and humidity. The calibration process utilizes data acquired over the period of five months from various reference stations. Employing machine learning with an artificial neural network (ANN)-based and kriging interpolation surrogate models, the correction strategy integrates additive and multiplicative enhancement, predicted by the ANN through auxiliary sensor data such as temperature, humidity, and the sensor-detected NO2 levels. Extensive verification studies showcase that this calibration approach notably enhances monitoring precision (coefficient of determination surpassing 0.85 concerning reference data, and RMSE of less than four μg/m3), rendering low-cost NO2 detection practical and dependable.}
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-981-99-5834-4_20,
author="Jorstad, Per-Martin and Wojcikowski, Marek and Cao, Tuan-Vu and Lepioufle, Jean-Marie and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Ha, Phuong Hoai",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Boonsang, Siridech and Fujita, Hamido and Hnatkowska, Bogumi{\l}a and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Pasupa, Kitsuchart and Selamat, Ali",
title="Accurate Lightweight Calibration Methods for Mobile Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2023",
publisher="Springer Nature Singapore",
address="Singapore",
pages="248--260",
abstract="Monitoring air pollution is a critical step towards improving public health, particularly when it comes to identifying the primary air pollutants that can have an impact on human health. Among these pollutants, particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of up to 2.5 {\$}{\$}{\backslash}upmu {\$}{\$}$\mu$m (or PM2.5) is of particular concern, making it important to continuously and accurately monitor pollution related to PM. The emergence of mobile low-cost PM sensors has made it possible to monitor PM levels continuously in a greater number of locations. However, the accuracy of mobile low-cost PM sensors is often questionable as it depends on geographical factors such as local atmospheric conditions.",
isbn="978-981-99-5834-4"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-981-99-5834-4_34,
author="Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Litwinienko, Filip and Palak, Rafa{\l} and Krótkiewicz, Marek",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Boonsang, Siridech and Fujita, Hamido and Hnatkowska, Bogumi{\l}a and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Pasupa, Kitsuchart and Selamat, Ali",
title="Integrating Geospatial Tools for Air Pollution Prediction: A Synthetic City Generator Framework for Efficient Modeling and Visualization",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2023",
publisher="Springer Nature Singapore",
address="Singapore",
pages="421--435",
abstract="Air pollution is a significant public health and environmental concern that requires accurate prediction and monitoring. This paper introduces a framework that establishes a city-wide abstraction layer for air pollution prediction. The authors present contemporary advancements in air pollution modeling, including research approaches and technologies. The framework promotes a streamlined learning process and improves efficiency by generating a simulated representation of the Earth's surface for air pollution forecasting using the Land-Use Regression (LUR) model and facilitating data visualization. The authors aim to establish a platform for exchanging research experiences and replicating findings to improve air pollution prediction and control. The framework can help policymakers, researchers, and environmentalists monitor air pollution levels and develop effective strategies to mitigate its adverse effects.",
isbn="978-981-99-5834-4"
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2201-06969,
author    = {Dudycz, Helena and Hernes, Marcin and Kes, Zdzislaw  and Mercier{-}Laurent, Eunika and Nita, Bartlomiej and Nowosielski, Krzysztof and Oleksyk, Piotr and Owoc, Mieczyslaw L.  and Palak, Rafal and Pondel, Maciej and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
title     = {A conceptual framework of Intelligent Management Control System for Higher Education},
journal   = {CoRR},
volume    = {abs/2201.06969},
year      = {2022},
url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06969},
eprinttype = {arXiv},
eprint    = {2201.06969},
timestamp = {Fri, 21 Jan 2022 13:57:15 +0100},
biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2201-06969.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{DBLP:conf/iccci/2021ccis,
author    = {Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Treur, Jan and Pimenidis, Elias and Maleszka, Marcin},
title     = {Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence - 13th International Conference, {ICCCI} 2021, Kallithea, Rhodes, Greece, September 29 - October 1, 2021, Proceedings},
series    = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
volume    = {1463},
publisher = {Springer},
year      = {2021},
url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9},
doi       = {10.1007/978-3-030-88113-9},
isbn      = {978-3-030-88112-2},
timestamp = {Thu, 07 Oct 2021 15:07:25 +0200},
biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/iccci/2021ccis.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{DBLP:conf/aciids/2022c,
author    = {Szczerbicki, Edward and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Nguyen, Sinh Van and Pietranik, Marcin and Krótkiewicz, Marek},
title     = {Recent Challenges in Intelligent Information and Database Systems - 14th Asian Conference, ACIIDS 2022, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, November 28-30, 2022, Proceedings},
series    = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
volume    = {1716},
publisher = {Springer},
year      = {2022},
url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8234-7},
doi       = {10.1007/978-981-19-8234-7},
isbn      = {978-981-19-8233-0}
}
@article{doi:10.1080/01969722.2022.2162737,
author = {Palak, Rafał and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
title = {A Centralization Measure for Social Networks Assessment},
journal = {Cybernetics and Systems},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {654-667},
year  = {2024},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
doi = {10.1080/01969722.2022.2162737},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01969722.2022.2162737},
abstract = { This article presents a new centrality measure. The presented measure was compared with state-of-the-art measures and proved to combines two features, low computational complexity and high precision of calculations. The measure has been mathematical analyzed, and then, experiments on real-life graphs were conducted. The mathematical analysis showed many essential properties of the proposed measure. Statistical analysis of the conducted experiment showed that measure has precision the same as state-of-the-art measures with much lower computational complexity. }
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-16014-1_4,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Palak, Rafał and Szczerbicki, Mikołaj and Nawrocki, Piotr",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Manolopoulos, Yannis and Chbeir, Richard and Kozierkiewicz, Adrianna and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="An Approach to Modeling a Real-Time Updated Environment Based on Messages from Agents",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2022",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="43--50",
abstract="Agent-based systems follow similar rules as object-oriented models. However, they distinguish agents as entities that can perceive their environment, process information about it, change it via actions, and interact with other agents. In this paper, the authors proposed some solutions coupled to creating models of such environments on a high level of abstraction, considering the applicability of these models in real-world projects. As a result, a conceptual environment model has been elaborated and proposed. The presented case study of the AriaDNA Life system verifies the model.",
isbn="978-3-031-16014-1"
}
@book{hernes2020advances,
title={Advances in Computational Collective Intelligence},
subtitle={12th International Conference, ICCCI 2020, Da Nang, Vietnam, November 30 -- December 3, 2020, Proceedings},
author={Hernes, Marcin and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Szczerbicki, Edward},
isbn={9783030631192},
DOI={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63119-2},
series={Communications in Computer and Information Science},
url={https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-63119-2},
year={2020},
ISBN={978-3-030-63119-2},
publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020}
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-88081-1_50,
author="Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Kawa, Micha{\l}",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Iliadis, Lazaros and Maglogiannis, Ilias and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="Estimating Semantics Distance of Texts Based on Used Terms Analysis",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2021",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="668--681",
abstract="Every day we are facing countless texts on various topics. With a growing number of resources, it is getting harder to find valuable content. There is a need for automated tools to evaluate texts and propose new reads based on their similarity to the original one. The paper aims at introducing a method for calculating the semantic distance between two texts. We use well-known morphological tools to disambiguate the meaning and function of each word in the text. Next, we create the similarity matrixes utilizing the weight of WordNet synset relations. Each term can be part of one of three sets, which visualize three levels of semantic distance. While calculating the distance between texts, we consider statistical characteristics that partly use the identification of terms. However, the primary stress is put on the meaning each word brings to the utterance.",
isbn="978-3-030-88081-1"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-88081-1_38,
author="Palak, Rafa{\l} and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Merayo, Mercedes G.",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Iliadis, Lazaros and Maglogiannis, Ilias and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="An Implementation of Formal Framework for Collective Systems in Air Pollution Prediction System",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2021",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="508--520",
abstract="Greater attention to the quality of life forces increased activity in the field of air quality monitoring. Many cities official perceive air pollution as an increasing issue worth investigating and managing. Thus, research focuses on delivering reliable real-time information on pollutants across the city area. The main focus of this article is the presentation of a collective framework to predict air pollution implementation. This solution allows informing about air pollution in places where no meters are available. The experimental results showed that the collective framework emerges the collective members' knowledge and delivers prediction better than any algorithm used for agent predictions. It proves that collectives achieve better results than their members.",
isbn="978-3-030-88081-1"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-80847-1_3,
author="Dudycz, Helena and Hernes, Marcin and Kes, Zdzislaw and Mercier-Laurent, Eunika and Nita, Bartłomiej and Nowosielski, Krzysztof and Oleksyk, Piotr and Owoc, Mieczysław L. and Palak, Rafał and Pondel, Maciej and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Mercier-Laurent, Eunika and Kayalica, M. Ozgur and Owoc, Mieczyslaw Lech",
editor    = {Eunika Mercier{-}Laurent and Mehmet Ozgur Kayalica and Mieczyslaw Lech Owoc},
title     = {A Conceptual Framework of Intelligent Management Control System for Higher Education},
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence for Knowledge Management - 8th {IFIP} {WG} 12.6 International Workshop, {AI4KM} 2021, Held at {IJCAI} 2020, Yokohama, Japan, January 7-8, 2021, Revised Selected Papers},
series    = {{IFIP} Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
volume    = {614},
pages     = {35--47},
publisher = {Springer},
year      = {2020},
url       = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80847-1_3},
doi       = {10.1007/978-3-030-80847-1_3},
timestamp = {Wed, 07 Dec 2022 23:10:31 +0100},
biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ijcai/DudyczHKMNNOOPP20.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@book{hong2021recent,
title={Recent Challenges in Intelligent Information and Database Systems: 13th Asian Conference, ACIIDS 2021, Phuket, Thailand, April 7--10, 2021, Proceedings},
author={Hong, T.P. and Wojtkiewicz, K. and Chawuthai, R. and Sitek, P.},
isbn={9789811616853},
series={Communications in Computer and Information Science},
url={https://books.google.pl/books?id=x3knEAAAQBAJ},
year={2021},
publisher={Springer Nature Singapore}
}
@Article{axioms10020091,
AUTHOR = {Palak, Rafał and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
TITLE = {The Formal Framework for Collective Systems},
JOURNAL = {Axioms},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2021},
NUMBER = {2},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {91},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/10/2/91},
ISSN = {2075-1680},
ABSTRACT = {Automated reasoning is becoming crucial for information systems. Building one uniform decision support system has become too complicated. The natural approach is to divide the task and combine the results from different subsystems into one uniform answer. It is the basic idea behind the system approach, where one solution is a composition of multiple subsystems. In this paper, the main emphasis is on establishing the theoretical framework that combines various reasoning methods into a collective system. The system’s formal abstraction uses graph theory and provides a discussion on possible aggregation function definitions. The proposed framework is a tool for building and testing specific approaches rather than the solution itself.},
DOI = {10.3390/axioms10020091}
}
@InProceedings{Palak2020,
author={Palak, Rafał P. and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
title={The time efficient centralization measure for social networks assessment},
year={2020},
pages={64-77},
booktitle={The 33rd International Conference on Industrial, Engineering & Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA AIE 2020), 22-25th September 2020, Kitakyushu, Japan : poster proceedings},
url={http://www.somet.soft.iwate-pu.ac.jp/IEA_AIE2020/FINAL_POSTER_PROCEEDINGS_v2.pdf},
}
@InProceedings{Wojtkiewicz_2020,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-42058-1_20},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-42058-1_20},
year = 2020,
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
pages = {241--252},
author = {Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Palak, Rafał and Krótkiewicz, Marek and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Wojtkiewicz, Wiktoria and Szwedziak, Katarzyna},
title = {Towards the Continuous Processes Modeling of Grain Handling in Storage Facility Using Unified Process Metamodel},
booktitle = {Intelligent Information and Database Systems}
} 
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-28377-3_6,
author="Jodłowiec, Marcin and Krótkiewicz, Marek and Palak, Rafał and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Chbeir, Richard and Exposito, Ernesto and Aniort{\'e}, Philippe and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="Graph-Based Crowd Definition for Assessing Wise Crowd Measures",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2019",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="66--78",
abstract="Research in the field of collective intelligence is currently focused mainly on determining ways to provide a more and more accurate prediction. However, the development of collective intelligence requires a more formal approach. Thus the natural next step is to introduce the formal model of collective. Many scientists seem to see this need, but available solutions usually focus on narrow specialization. The problems within the scope of collective intelligence field typically require complex models. Sometimes more than one model has to be used. This paper addresses both issues. Authors introduce graph-based meta-model of collective that intend to describe all collective's properties based on psychological knowledge, especially on Surowiecki's work. Moreover, we introduced the taxonomy of metrics that allow assessing the qualitative aspects of crowd's structure and dynamics.",
isbn="978-3-030-28377-3",
url = "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-28377-3_6",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-28377-3_6"
}
@article{article,
author = "Jodlowiec, Marcin and Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
year = {2019},
month = {07},
pages = {1-12},
title = {Defining semantic networks using association-oriented metamodel},
journal = {Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems},
doi = {10.3233/JIFS-179353},
abstract = {Knowledge representation is one of the most explored areas in nowadays computer science research. In this paper authors pursue definition and semantics of semantic networks that are defined as part of Semantic Knowledge Base being a hybrid knowledge oriented system. The approach presented in here aims at introducing advanced properties of networks such as cardinality, partitioning or certainty at the same time using simple structure based on two operands and operators. Following paper is an extension of a conference publication that introduced advanced aspects of semantic networks modelling with the use of Association-Oriented Metamodel. The extension includes a discussion related to the formal description of the structure, as well as the description and use of association-oriented design patterns.},
url = "https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-intelligent-and-fuzzy-systems/ifs179353"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-14802-7_8,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Skowroński, Jan and Zaręba, Maciej",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Gaol, Ford Lumban and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="Ontological Information as Part of Continuous Monitoring Software for Production Fault Detection",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2019",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="89--102",
abstract="The monitoring of manufacturing processes is an important issue in nowadays ERP systems. One of the most important issues is to identify and analyze appropriate data for each of the production units taking part in the process. In the paper authors introduce a new approach towards modelling the relation between production units, signals and factors possible to obtain from the production system. The main idea for the system is based on the ontology of production units. The design of the system using advanced knowledge engineering is elaborated. Since, the implementation of proposed system was one of key assumptions, the relational model is presented that ensures possibility to deploy the system in the future.",
isbn="978-3-030-14802-7",
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-14802-7_8},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-14802-7_8}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{2018Wojtkiewicz,
author={Krystian Wojtkiewicz},
booktitle={2018 5th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI)},
title={Event Condition Action Approach to Process’ Control Layer Modeling in Unified Process Metamodel},
year={2018},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1282-1288},
keywords={Process control;Force;Computational modeling;Process modeling;Taxonomy;Dairy products},
doi={10.1109/ICSAI.2018.8599475},
url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8599475},
ISSN={},
month={Nov},}
@InProceedings{2018KrotkiewiczWojtkiewiczMartins,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Martins, Denis",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh
and Pimenidis, Elias
and Khan, Zaheer
and Trawi{\'{n}}ski, Bogdan",
title="Influence Power Factor for User Interface Recommendation System",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2018",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="228--237",
abstract="User interface is an important element of software system since it provides the means for utilizing applications' functionalities. There is number of publications that propose guidance for proper interface design, including adaptive approach. Following paper introduces general idea for definition of interface design in a way that allows for easy computing of user interface effectiveness. The introduced factor can be used for recommendation of interface changes and adjustment.",
isbn="978-3-319-98443-8"
}
@article {MatuszekWojtkiewicz2018,
Title = {Assessment of the Content of Fluorescent Tracer in Granular Feed Mixture},
Author = {Matuszek, Dominika B and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
DOI = {10.5740/jaoacint.17-0114},
Month = {May},
Year = {2018},
Journal = {Journal of AOAC International},
ISSN = {1060-3271},
URL = {https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0114},
}
@article{Szwedziak_Wojtkiewicz,
abstract = {In the paper, an attempt towards morphological analysis implementation into grain physical features extraction, with the use of APR software, has been presented. The main objective of the research is to determine the physical characteristics of wheat grains in order to assess the automatic grain quality review. Photographic macro images of wheat grains were taken for the purpose of this study, and then they were processed using the APR application. Properly prepared graphic material has been subjected to segmentation and morphological analysis. Parameters derived from morphological analysis are presented synthetically and form the basis for further research focused on statistical analysis.},
author = {Szwedziak, Katarzyna and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
journal = {Agricultural Engineering},
number = {Vol. 19, No. 2},
pages = {109--118},
title = {The use of morphological analysis in the wheat quality feature extraction},
url = {http://dx.medra.org/10.14654/ir.2015.154.126},
year = {2015},
issn = {1231-5478},
doi = {10.14654/ir.2015.154.126},
}
@article{Szulc_Łaska_Szwedziak_Wojtkiewicz_2014,
title={Influence of Exploitation of Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers on Heat Potential of Ground and the Efficiency of Heating System},
ISSN={1640-3622},
number={nr 30(4)},
journal={Intercathedra},
author={Szulc, Robert and Łaska, Barbara and Szwedziak, Katarzyna and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
year={2014},
pages={87–94}
}
@article{Katarzyna2015,
abstract = {Ustawiczny rozwój techniki technologii stosowanych w przemyśle rolnym jest istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na wzrost konkurencyjności polskich gospodarstw. Inwestycje w sprzęt i wyposażenie nie mogą jednak przynieść maksymalnych korzyści bez równoczesnego rozwoju miękkich aspektów kompetencji kierowniczych, jak i wspierających je narzędzi. Jednym z podstawowych zagadnień jest skuteczne przekazywanie informacji pomiędzy różnymi szczeblami zarządzania, a także pomiędzy kierownictwem i pracownikami liniowymi. Na chwilę obecną nie został opracowany żaden spójny i formalnie zweryfikowany system opisu procesów logistycznych, który obejmowałby techniki, technologie oraz procedury, a także definicję zasobów będących przedmiotem ich zainteresowania. Istnieją notacje, mniej lub bardziej sformalizowane, wykorzystywane do opisu każdego z elementów niezależnie od pozostałych. Notacje te powstały na bazie  języków formalnych, czego przykładem jest uproszczony diagram przepływu zaczerpnięty z notacji UML®, a przedstawiany jako tzw. „schemat blokowy”. Oczywiście notacje te mogą i są stosowane na co dzień w praktyce managerskiej, również w przedsiębiorstwach rolnych, niemniej ich semantyka każdorazowo musi być określana na nowo. Jest to podstawowy problem wpływający bezpośrednio na łatwość i szybkość wymiany informacji pomiędzy różnymi podmiotami gospodarczymi. Branża rolna jest tym bardziej podatna na zaburzenia, że nowoczesne technologie zarządzania uwzględniające na przykład zarządzanie ryzykiem, zarządzanie dostawami, zarządzanie zasobami są w niej obecne formalnie od niedawna. Wymiana informacji jest zatem w tym aspekcie nie tylko potrzebna, ale wręcz niezbędna.},
author = {Szwedziak, Katarzyna and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
journal = {Logistyka},
number = {4/2015},
pages = {6100--6104},
title = {{Wykorzystanie modelowania wysokopoziomowego przy projektowaniu procesów logistycznych w produkcji rolnej}},
url = {http://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/9618-szwedziak-wojtkiewicz-wykorzystanie-modelowania},
year = {2015},
issn = {1231-5478},
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_18,
doi={10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_18},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_18},
author="Jodłowiec, Marcin and Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Hunek, Wojciech P. and Paszkiel, Szczepan",
title="Meta-structural Graph-Based Design Patterns for Knowledge Representation in Association-Oriented Database Metamodel",
booktitle="Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience",
year="2018",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="195--206",
abstract="This paper describes the problems of modeling graph-based structures in Association-Oriented Database Metamodel in the context of knowledge representation system. The basics of Association-Oriented Metamodel solutions, principles of modeling and sample implementations of graph structures have been presented, including labeled graphs as well as generalization of graphs, i.e. hypergraphs. Subsequently, metastructural ontological design patterns dedicated to knowledge representation systems are presented based on example of standard class-instance-feature-value and relationship patterns.",
isbn="978-3-319-75025-5"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-75420-8_3,
doi={10.1007/978-3-319-75420-8_3},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75420-8_3},
author="Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Jodlowiec, Marcin and Pokuta, Waldemar",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Hoang, Duong Hung and Hong, Tzung-Pei and Pham, Hoang and Trawiński, Bogdan",
title="Towards Association-Oriented Model of Lexical Base for Semantic Knowledge Base",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2018",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="25--34",
abstract="Developing a knowledge-based system is a demanding task. One of the basic issues is to build a communication interface with a human. The basis for such an interface is mostly natural language. In this article, the process of building and supplementing data with one of the modules of the Semantic Knowledge Base, which is responsible for user interaction, is presented. For this purpose, the process of data acquisition from the WordNet database was carried out by remodeling it by the use of Association-Oriented Database Metamodel.",
isbn="978-3-319-75420-8"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_20,
doi={10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_20},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75025-5_20},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Jodłowiec, Marcin",
editor="Hunek, Wojciech P. and Paszkiel, Szczepan",
title="Towards Semantic Knowledge Base Definition",
booktitle="Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience",
year="2018",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="218--239",
abstract="The paper is a wide survey over one of the knowledge representation and processing solutions, namely knowledge bases. Due to current terminological inconsistency authors propose the complex definition of knowledge base in the field of knowledge representation. The overview of the most common reality description methods is provided in order to discuss its usefulness in knowledge base design. Authors not only give the definition of the knowledge base but also prove its completeness on the example of Semantic Knowledge Base project. The project aims at developing the general domain knowledge base using ontology base and semantic networks as basic knowledge representation methods.",
isbn="978-3-319-75025-5"
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{10.1109/INISTA.2017.8001168,
author={Krótkiewicz, Marek and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Hunek, Wojciech P. and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
booktitle={2017 IEEE International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA)},
title={Modeling of Unified Process Metamodel structure in Association-Oriented Database Metamodel: Flowing Resources and transformation},
year={2017},
volume={},
number={},
pages={265-270},
abstract={The paper is devoted to presentation of Unified Process Metamodel as a tool to describe both structural and behavioral aspects of processes identified in a real world. The complexity of the description of the reality urges the use of sophisticated tool for modeling. Therefore Association-Oriented Database Metamodel was used to prepare database model that comply with the needs of proposed system. Since presentation of complete implementation of the Unified Process Metamodel would be rather wide, the paper presents and discusses only a minor section of the system, namely Transformation module that is used to change flowing resource set into new flowing resource.},
keywords={database management systems;resource allocation;association-oriented database metamodel;flowing resources allocation;transformation module;unified process metamodel structure;Complexity theory;Databases;Force;Fuels;Process control;Process modeling;Unified modeling language;Association-Oriented Database Metamodel;Process modeling;Unified Process Metamodel;resource allocation;resources management},
doi={10.1109/INISTA.2017.8001168},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Finista.2017.8001168},
ISSN={},
month={July},
publisher = {{IEEE}},
}
@article{10.1515/cpe-2017-0039,
doi = {10.1515/cpe-2017-0039},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcpe-2017-0039},
year = 2017,
month = {dec},
publisher = {Walter de Gruyter {GmbH}},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
author = {Matuszek, Dominika B. and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
title = {Application of fluorescent markers for homogeneity assessment of grain mixtures based on maize content},
journal = {Chemical and Process Engineering}
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-67074-4_3,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-67074-4_3},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-67074-4_3},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Papadopoulos, George A. and Jędrzejowicz, Piotr and Trawiński, Bogdan and Vossen, Gottfried",
title="Semantic Networks Modeling with Operand-Operator Structures in Association-Oriented Metamodel",
booktitle="Computational Collective Intelligence",
year="2017",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="24--33",
abstract="Semantic networks are nowadays one of the most frequently used knowledge representation method. In this paper authors present a novel approach towards the definition and semantics of semantic networks with the use of predefined primitives as key structure elements. The presented solution is a part of Semantic Knowledge Base project, in which it is used to store complex information such as facts and rules. This approach aims at increased expressiveness of knowledge representation with the higher level of clarity of message. It introduces not only a unique duality of nodes types, namely operators and operands, but also provides mechanisms such as multiplicity, quantifiers or modifiers possible to apply to each and every of network elements.",
isbn="978-3-319-67074-4"
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{10.1109/ENIC.2016.035,
author={Krótkiewicz, Marek and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
booktitle={2016 Third European Network Intelligence Conference (ENIC)},
title={Introduction to Semantic Knowledge Base: Multilanguage Support of Linguistic Module},
year={2016},
volume={},
number={},
pages={188-194},
abstract={The following paper is a description of an approach adopted in the Semantic Knowledge Base in regard to the identification of meaning across multiple languages. The solution proposed separates the meaning from the text strings identifying it in a particular language. This solutions allows to create information collections that are subject to low risk of semantic ambiguity.},
keywords={computational linguistics;language translation;ontologies (artificial intelligence);semantic networks;text analysis;automatic translation;information collections;linguistic module;multilanguage support;ontological core;semantic knowledge base;text strings;Computer applications;Databases;Knowledge based systems;Object oriented modeling;Ontologies;Pragmatics;Semantics;automatic translation;concept meaning;information ambiguity;semantic knowledge base},
doi={10.1109/ENIC.2016.035},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fenic.2016.035},
ISSN={},
publisher = {{IEEE}},
month={Sept}
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-45880-9_14,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-45880-9_14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-45880-9_14},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Pokuta, Waldemar",
editor="Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and K{\v{r}}emen, Petr",
title="Semantic Knowledge Base: Quantifiers and Multiplicity in Extended Semantic Networks Module",
booktitle="Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web",
year="2016",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="173--187",
abstract="This article is a concise description of solutions for supplementing classic semantic networks with new functionality developed by the authors. Ths study is based on the Semantic Knowledge Base modeled in association-oriented database metamodel. It was the Extended Semantic Networks Module that has been introduced with modifiers, quantifiers, multiplicities and certainity factor extending classical approach towards semantic networks and expanding theirs knowledge representation capacity.",
isbn="978-3-319-45880-9"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-26227-7_64,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-26227-7_64},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26227-7_64},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Jodłowiec, Marcin and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Szwedziak, Katarzyna",
editor="Burduk, Robert and Jackowski, Konrad and Kurzyński, Marek and Woźniak, Michał and Żołnierek, Andrzej",
title="Unified Process Management for Service and Manufacture System---Material Resources",
booktitle="Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Recognition Systems CORES 2015",
year="2016",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="681--690",
abstract=”The paper proposes the Unified Process Management for Service and Manufacture, the intent of which is to constitute integrated platform for modelling and exchange of information in the field of production processes. The UPMSM consists of a theoretical basis, formal notation, modeling language, algorithms, and methods of processing information as well as modeling methodology. This article focuses on the passage concerning the most theoretical foundations in the identification of selected categories and relations such as generalization-specialization, part–whole, class-feature, class-instance, and property-instance. The platform used to build UPMSM is the Semantic Knowledge Base (SKB), which is the result of a research project on methods of representation and processing of knowledge.”,
isbn="978-3-319-26227-7"
}
@Article{10.1007/s10849-014-9195-y,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
title="Functional and Structural Integration without Competence Overstepping in Structured Semantic Knowledge Base System",
journal="Journal of Logic, Language and Information",
year="2014",
month="Sep",
day="01",
volume="23",
number="3",
pages="331--345",
abstract="Logic, language and information integration is one of areas broadly explored nowadays and at the same time promising. Authors use that approach in their 8 years long research into Structured Semantic Knowledge Base System. The aim of this paper is to present authors idea of system capable of generating synergy effect while storing various type of information. The key assumption, which has been adopted, is the thesis that the attempt to find universal way of the reality description is very inefficient solution. Combination of several solutions into one system must be based on the principle of supporting rather than on redundancy, ambiguity or mutual antagonism areas of logic, language and information. Natural language processing in the context of logics or information processing is ineffective, not to say pointless in the means of certainty. It is simply caused by the fact that natural languages have been formed long time ago as the main communication channel, rather than for automatic information processing. It was one of the reasons that logic has been founded as the universal language of mathematics and formalized communication in more extensive sense. Information processing however brought more sophisticated problems that mathematics could not smoothly solve, what made computer science appear. Studies over artificial intelligence revealed even more complex issues to solve. The unity of those three areas: logics, language and information is a necessity to acquire complementarity and synergy.",
issn="1572-9583",
doi={10.1007/s10849-014-9195-y},
url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10849-014-9195-y}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{10.1109/hsi.2013.6577847,
author={Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
booktitle={2013 6th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI)},
title={Introduction to semantic knowledge base: Linguistic module},
year={2013},
volume={},
number={},
pages={356-362},
abstract={Following paper presents main concepts of Semantic Knowledge Base in particular linguistic module. The main assumption is to develop solution that would be easily adoptable by various languages. The module design will be presented in Association Oriented Model to maintain inner compatibility of the Knowledgebase.},
keywords={knowledge based systems;linguistics;natural language processing;ontologies (artificial intelligence);semantic networks;association oriented model;linguistic module;semantic knowledge base;Databases;Joining processes;Natural languages;Object oriented modeling;Pragmatics;Semantics;Unified modeling language;hybrid logic implementation;knowledge base;knowledge processing;natural language interface;ontology design;semantic networks},
doi={10.1109/HSI.2013.6577847},
ISSN={2158-2246},
month={June},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi.2013.6577847},
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-642-36546-1_51,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-36546-1_51},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36546-1_51},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Selamat, Ali and Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh and Haron, Habibollah",
title="An Introduction to Ontology Based Structured Knowledge Base System: Knowledge Acquisition Module",
booktitle="Intelligent Information and Database Systems",
year="2013",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="497--506",
abstract="The following text presents the method of supplementing and verifying information stored in a framework system of the semantic knowledge base. The indicated method refers to the knowledge of ontological character, in other words to information about definitions of concepts and relationships among them. The aim of the method is the constant supplementing and verifying of the knowledge, and making more precise and detailed information about existing connections between concepts. The key aspect of the method is questions generating strictly dependent on the preconceived structure of stored knowledge.",
isbn="978-3-642-36546-1"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-642-13105-9_44,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-13105-9_44},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13105-9_44},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian and Kardas, Radosław",
editor="Piętka, Ewa and Kawa, Jacek",
title="ACL Rehabilitation Enhanced by 3D Modeling Software",
booktitle="Information Technologies in Biomedicine",
year="2010",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="439--446",
abstract="The main purpose of this paper is to show possible positive effect of 3D modeling application in rehabilitation. Authors provide clinic example of patient with ACL reconstruction. The patient has undertaken the therapy consisting of regular rehabilitation sessions as well as those enhanced by 3D rehabilitation application. The improvement in ACL rehabilitation was significant and worth further exploration.",
isbn="978-3-642-13105-9"
}
@Inbook{10.1007/978-3-642-03202-8_3,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Hippe, Zdzisław S. and Kulikowski, Juliusz L.",
title="Knowledge Acquisition in Conceptual Ontological Artificial Intelligence System",
bookTitle="Human-Computer Systems Interaction: Backgrounds and Applications",
year="2009",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="29--37",
abstract="The paper deals with active knowledge acquisition based on dialogue inter AI system and its user. Presented method uses Conceptual Ontological Ob ject Orientated System (COOS) to distinguish differences between concepts and to unequivocally process the input stream. In case of concepts, that do not exist in the system yet, adequate algorithms are being used to position them in ontolo gical core. Separate concepts differ in attributes values or in sets of direct conne c tions with other concepts. The communication aspects of the system deliver in for ma tion that allow generating proper interpretation for user's statement.",
isbn="978-3-642-03202-8",
doi="10.1007/978-3-642-03202-8_3",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03202-8_3"
}
@Inbook{10.1007/978-3-540-93905-4_17,
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Kurzynski, Marek and Woźniak, Michał",
title="Morphological Analysis of Binary Scene in APR Integrated Environment",
bookTitle="Computer Recognition Systems 3",
year="2009",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="135--141",
abstract="This paper describes principles of binary scene morphological analysis in script based application - APR (Analysis, Processing and Recognition). The aim of the method is to find object on the scene and then to describe theirs basic features like edges, neighbors and surface. The algorithm construction gives benefits in terms speed as well as to computation costs, at the same time being capable of presenting number of attributes values for scene and each of the objects. There are also some practical algorithm applications showed.",
isbn="978-3-540-93905-4",
doi="10.1007/978-3-540-93905-4_17",
url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-93905-4_17"
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{10.1109/hsi.2008.4581525,
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hsi.2008.4581525},
author={Krotkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
booktitle={2008 Conference on Human System Interactions},
title={Knowledge acquisition in conceptual ontological artificial intelligence system},
year={2008},
volume={},
number={},
pages={695-698},
abstract={The paper deals with active knowledge acquisition based on dialogue between AI system and its user. Presented method uses Conceptual Ontological Object Orientated System (COOS) to distinguish differences between concepts and to unequivocally process the input stream. In case of concepts, that do not exist in the system yet, adequate algorithms are being used to position them in ontological core. Separate concepts differ in attributes values or in sets of direct connections with other concepts. The communication aspect of the system deliver information that allow generating proper interpretation for userpsilas statement.},
keywords={artificial intelligence;knowledge acquisition;object-oriented languages;ontologies (artificial intelligence);AI system;conceptual ontological object orientated system;knowledge acquisition;ontological artificial intelligence system;Artificial intelligence;Informatics;Knowledge acquisition;Mathematics;Natural language processing;Natural languages;Ontologies;Speech;Stomach;artificial intelligence;knowledge acquisition;knowledge base;language processing;ontology;semantics},
publisher = {{IEEE}},
doi={10.1109/HSI.2008.4581525},
ISSN={2158-2246},
month={May},}
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-540-68168-7_52,
doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-68168-7_52},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68168-7_52},
author="Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Piętka, Ewa and Kawa, Jacek",
title="Features for Text Comparison",
booktitle="Information Technologies in Biomedicine",
year="2008",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="468--475",
abstract="The main purpose of this paper is to deliver appropriate tool to find similarities between texts. The area of interest covers comparing large amount of different texts grouped in various areas of knowledge. Similarity is defined as distance between two texts and as this the measure may be calculated as the set of parameters based on features.",
isbn="978-3-540-68168-7"
}
@InProceedings{10.1007/3-540-32390-2_25,
doi = {10.1007/3-540-32390-2_25},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32390-2_25},
author="Krotkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian",
editor="Kurzyński, Marek and Puchała, Edward and Woźniak, Michał and Żołnierek, Andrzej",
title="Conceptual Ontological Object Knowledge Base and Language",
booktitle="Computer Recognition Systems",
year="2005",
publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
pages="227--234",
abstract="This paper deals with AI in aspect of knowledge acquisition and ontology base structure. The core of the system was designed in an object model to optimize it for further processing. Direct concept linking was used to assure fast semantic network processing. Predefined attributes used in the core minimize the number of basic connections within the ontology and help in inference. The system is assumed to generate questions and to specify the knowledge. The AI system defined in this way opens a possibility for better understanding of such basic human mind mechanisms as learning or analyzing.",
isbn="978-3-540-32390-7"
}
@inbook{krotkiewiczobiektowa,
title={Obiektowa baza wiedzy w ontologicznym systemie sztucznej inteligencji},
author={Krótkiewicz, Marek and Wojtkiewicz, Krystian},
keywords={obiektowa baza wiedzy, sztuczna inteligencja, ontologia},
year="2005",
booktitle="Bazy danych. Modele, technologie, narzędzia. Analiza danych - wybrane zastosowania”,
editor=”Kozielski S. and Małysiak B. and Kasprowski P. and Mrożek D.”,
pages=”221--228”,
Publisher=”Wydawnictwo Komunikacji i Łączności”,
address=”Warszawa, Poland”,
abstract=”Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia użycia obiektowej bazy danych przy tworzeniu systemu sztucznej inteligencji. W sposób syntetyczny przedstawiono główne cechy przyjętego modelu obiektowego oraz opisano atrybuty kluczowych klas. Głównym założeniem systemu jest dualizm zapisu informacji z podziałem na ogolne - dotyczące dopuszczalnych powiązań pomiędzy obiektami oraz szczegółowe - odnoszące się do konkretnych instancji stanowiącyh elementy sieci semantycznych.”,
}